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Head & Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that can develop in the head and neck region, including the mouth, throat, larynx (voice box), sinuses, and salivary glands. These cancers are often grouped together because they share similar risk factors and treatment approaches.

Common types of head and neck cancers include:

  1. Oral cancer – affecting the mouth, lips, or tongue.
  2. Pharyngeal cancer – involving the throat, including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
  3. Laryngeal cancer – involving the larynx (voice box).
  4. Salivary gland cancer – affecting the salivary glands.
  5. Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer – occurring in the nose or sinuses.

Brain Tumors

Brain tumors are abnormal growths of cells in the brain, and they can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can develop in different parts of the brain and vary in size, type, and behavior. Some brain tumors grow slowly, while others can spread aggressively.

Types of Brain Tumors:

  1. Primary brain tumors – These originate in the brain or spinal cord. They can be benign or malignant.
    • Gliomas (such as glioblastomas) – These tumors arise from glial cells (the supporting cells of the brain).
    • Meningiomas – Tumors that develop from the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
    • Pituitary tumors – These are tumors of the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormones.
    • Medulloblastomas – Common in children, these tumors develop in the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordination and balance).
  2. Secondary (metastatic) brain tumors – These tumors originate elsewhere in the body (such as from lung, breast, or skin cancer) and spread to the brain. These are more common than primary brain tumors.

Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers, and it occurs when cells in the breast begin to grow uncontrollably. It can develop in both women and men, though it's far more common in women. There are different types of breast cancer, and it can vary greatly in terms of aggressiveness, symptoms, and treatment.

Types of Breast Cancer:

  1. Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) – A non-invasive form of breast cancer where abnormal cells are confined to the ducts and have not spread into surrounding tissues.

  2. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) – The most common type of breast cancer. It starts in the milk ducts and then spreads to nearby tissue.

  3. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC) – Starts in the lobules (milk-producing glands) and then spreads to nearby tissue.

  4. Inflammatory Breast Cancer – A rare and aggressive form where the breast becomes red, swollen, and warm due to the cancer blocking lymph vessels in the skin.

  5. Triple-Negative Breast Cancer – A type of breast cancer that doesn't have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or HER2 receptors. It's often more aggressive and harder to treat.

  6. HER2-positive Breast Cancer – This type has higher than normal levels of HER2 (a protein that promotes cancer cell growth), which tends to make the cancer grow and spread more quickly.

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